Yang katanya Kita

Adek

Ini adek kesayanganku namanya Alfida dinda puspaningrum. Sering dibilang anak kembar. Padahal beda 6 tahun.

Morph, Morpheme, Allomoph

  

A.    Morph

Morph adalah bentuk fonetis dari morfem yag mempelajari unit bentuk, suara, dan simbol fonetik. Morph dibagi menjadi dua yaitu, leksikal dan gramatikal. Leksikal morph adalah morph yang menunjukkan secara langsung objek tindakan yang nyata. Contohnya: table, dog, walk, look, follow, etc.

Gramatikal morph adalah morph yang telah dimodifikasi makna leksikalnya dengan menambah elemen tertentu. Contoh: un-, -able, re-, -d, in-, -ent, -ly, -al, -ize, -a-, -tion, anti-, dis-, -ment, -ari-, -an, -ism

Contoh :

Kata disbelieve mempunyai simbol fonetic  /dIsbI’li:v/

morphs

Dis /dIs/

Believe /bI’li:v/

Jadi, setiap simbol fonetik dari morfem disebut morph.

B.     Morpheme

a.       Pengertian morpheme

Morpheme adalah bagian terkecil dari kata. Bagian terkecil tersebut ‘memiliki arti’. Misal, ‘Eat’ memiliki implikasi yang tidak sama dengan ‘Eats’.  Demikian juga dengan kata ‘un-like-ly’, dimana un dan ly memiliki makna dan implikasi linguistik tersendiri.

b.      Macam-macam morpheme

Di dalam bahasa Inggris morpheme dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu free morphemes (morfem bebas) dan bound morphemes (morfem terikat).

1.      Free morphemes adalah morfem yang bisa berdiri sendiri menjadi kata tanpa harus terikat/menempel pada morfem lain. Free morphemes mempunyai beberapa jenis dasar, yaitu verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions, dan lainnya. Contoh: study (verb), man (noun), kind (adj), on (prep). Free morphemes dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu lexical morphemes (open-class) dan functional morphemes (closed-class).

·         Lexical morphemes adalah morfem yang bisa berdiri sendiri dan itu bisa menyampaikan isi dari pesan yang kita sampaikan, dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu verbs, nouns dan adjectives.

Contoh: read (verb), baby (noun), cool (adj).

·         Functional morphemes adalah morfem yang bisa berdiri sendiri namun belum jelas isi yang akan disampaikan, dibagi menjadi 4, yaitu conjunctions, prepositions, articles, dan pronouns.

Contoh: but (conj), at (prep), the (artc), she (pronoun).

2.      Bound morphemes adalah morfem yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri melainkan harus terikat/menempel pada morfem lain. Bound morphemes dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu derivational morphemes dan inflectional morphemes.

·         Derivational morphemes adalah morfem yang jika diikatkan/ditempelkan pada morfem lain akan membentuk morfem/kata yang baru atau untuk membentuk kata dengan gramatika (lexeme) yang berbeda dari kata sebelumnya. Di dalam derivational ada 2 macam, yaitu bisa terdapat in the beginning of a word(prefixes) atau in the end of a word (suffixes), di dalam bahasa Indonesia kita biasa mengenalnya dengan sebutan imbuhan (affixes).

Contoh: kata beautiful (adj) diperoleh dari kata beauty (noun) yang mendapat tambahan morfem “ful” yang mengubah noun menjadi adjective. Nah dari alasan itu lah morfem “ful” termasuk ke dalam derivational morphemes yang suffix (berada di akhir kata) karena mengubah kata dari noun lexeme berubah menjadi adjective lexeme.

·         Inflectional morphemes adalah morfem yang diikatkan/ditempelkan pada morfem lain yang hanya untuk mengidentifikasi gramatikanya, bukan untuk menghasilkan kata baru atau membentuk kata dengan gramatika (lexeme) yang berbeda dari kata sebelumnya.

Contoh: kata books (noun) diperoleh dari kata book (noun), di sini book berubah menjadi books karena untuk menjelaskan bahwa buku itu jumlahnya banyak (plural), jadi tidak mengubah lexeme dari kata itu, karena kata book menjadi books tetap berada pada lexeme yang sama yaitu noun lexeme.

c.       Aturan pembentukan kata

Prefixes and suffixes biasanya punya persyaratan untuk jenis kata dasar yang bisa mereka tambahkan. Contohnya: akhiran –ness ditambahkan untuk kata benda.

a.       –ness on adjectives : redness, happiness, wholeness, commonness, niceness

 –ness on nouns : chairness, ideaness, giraffeness.

–ness on verbs : runness, wiggleness, yawnness.

b.      un- on adjectives : unhappy, uncommon, unkind, unserious.

un- on verbs : untie, untwist, undress, unsnap.

un- on nouns : unchair, unidea, ungiraffe.

·         Rule for –ness (first version) : Attach –ness to an adjective

Rule for un- (first version) : Attach un- to an adjective or to a verb.

·         Rule of –ness (second version) : -ness attaches to adjectives ‘X’ and produces nouns meaning ‘the quality of X’.

Rule for un- (second version) : un- attaches to adjectives meaning ‘X’ and produces adjectives meaning ‘not X’ 

·         Rule for negative un- (final version) : un- attaches to adjectives, preferably those with neutral or positive connotations, and creates negatives adjectives. It has no phonological restrictions.

c.       –ize on adjectives : civilize,finalize

 -ize on nouns        : hospitalize, animalize

 -ify on adjectives : purify, glorify

 -ify on nouns        : speechify, scarify

·         Rule for –ize (first version) : -ize attaches to adjectives or nouns that mean ‘X’ and produces verbs that mean ‘make/put into X’.

·         Rule for –ify (first version) : -ify attaches to adjectives or nouns that mean ‘X’ and produces verbs that mean ‘make/put into X’.

·         Rule for –ize (final version) : -ize attaches to adjectives or nouns of two or more syllables where the final syllable does not bear primary stress. For a base ‘X’ it produces verbs thatmean ‘make/put into X’.

C.     Allomorph
Bentuk yang berbeda dari suatu morfem disebut allomorph atau bisa juga disebut macam-macam bentuk varian dari morfem tentng bnyi dan simbol-simbol fonetik, tapi tidak mengubah makna. Ada tiga jenis allomoph, yaitu:

1.      Allomorph yang terbentuk dari article : an (sebelum vowels, ex : an elephant) and a (sebelum consonant, ex : a dog) keduanya memiliki satu makna, yaitu tunggal.

2.       Allomorph yang terbentuk dari morpheme past tense

/id/ after d,t : hated

/t/ after all other voiceless sounds : picked

/d/ after all other voiced sounds : wedged

/im/ before bilabial sounds : impossible

/il/ before consonant /l/ : illegal

/in/ elsewhere : independent

Beberapa allomorph dari awalan negatif in-

Pilihan alomorf ditentukan oleh morfem tertentu, bukan hanya dengan pengucapannya, ex : morpheme –sume diganti –sumpt- pada (consume = consumption)

3.      Lexical allomorph

Pilihan dari allomorph tidak dapat diprediksi, sehingga harus hafal pada kata dengan dasar kata tersebut, ex : ox –plural- oxen, sheep-plural- sheep.

Contoh:

Tiga alomorf yang berbeda

·         Cats /s/

·         Dogs/z/

·         Boxes/iz/

Satu alomorf

·         Disagreement /dis/

·         Discount /dis/

·         Disbelieve /dis/

Dua alomorf yang berbeda

·         Voiced /d/

·         Walked /t/

·         Stopped /t/

·         Kicked /t/

Jadi, alomorf adalah bentuk varian dari morfem tentang suara dan simbol fonetik tapi itu tidak mengubah makna. Alomorf memiliki berbeda dalam pengucapan dan ejaan sesuai dengan kondisi mereka. Ini berarti bahwa alomorf akan memiliki suara yang berbeda, pengucapan atau ejaan dalam kondisi yang berbeda.

Like a winding sheet

   Plot : Progressive plot

Mr Johnson, a blackman who lives with his wife Mae. Mae jokes that he looks like a huckleberry in a winding sheet. Johnson became lazy to go to work, because his legs still need a rest. When Mae saw the calendar, she found that day was the thirteenth. She decided to stay at home, becauses he thought a bad day. But her husband decided  to work because that day he was payday. He was convinced that it was lucky day. Johnson was late for work again because he spent fifteen minutes to argue with his wife.

When Johnson arrived in the factoy, the boss became angry because he was late for work again. Not to be outdone Johnson give a reason if his leg was still sore and needed a break. But Mrs Scott, does not accept what Johnson said. Then Johnson fight with her. He wanted to hit Mrs. Scott, but because she woman. He does not hit her. Johnson thinks if she makes it , because he was negro race.

He walked to the subway with crowded people. He decided to go to Harlem. He stopped to a restaurant  to buy a coffee. When he ordered coffee at the waitress, the waitress told me that the coffee was gone. When same race to the waitress order a bottle of coffee, the waitress gave it. Again he felt frustrated and angry because he was a nigger. He wanted to hit her, but he thought he was a woman. Furthermore, Johnson went to the subway with feeling disappointed.

When Johnson arrived at home, his wife made a joke if Johnson is an old negro who try to act and difficult. Whereas the purpose of Mae is to entertain Johnson, because he went to the home with a sad face. However, Johnson misunderstanding to Mae. She thought if she was mocking him, then Johnson was angry with his wife and hit her on the mouth.

2.      Setting :

a.       Time                : in the morning, Friday thirtheen

b.      Place                : at home, in the office, in the subway, in the restaurant, in the Harlem.

c.       Atmosphere     : sadness

3.      Character         :

a.       Mr. Johnson    :  emotions and  irritable because when he was discriminated against, he was angry with the people around him. Including angry with his wife.

b.      Mae                 : lovely woman and patient because when her husband came home with a sad face. Mae entertaining Mr Johnson and make a joke.

c.       Mrs Scott        : grumpy and arrogant because when Mr johnson late for work, she was scolded and being arrogant. She discriminates to Mr Johnson because Mr. Johnson was a nigger man.

d.      Waitress          : arrogant, like discriminated, liar. Because when Mr. Johnson ordered a cup of coffee, she said that the coffee was gone. However, there is a white man ordered a coffee, she says there is still coffee.

4.      Moral  value    :

a.       Do not discriminate with race, gender, caste, and religion. Because we are created by God with different conditions. No body perfect in the world, so every human should accept their lack. And we as creatures of God, we should be grateful.

b.      Be patient and strong people, do not easy to get carried away and always confident. Although we bullied others. We should show and prove to people that bullying us that we are a higher-power by doing positive act. So, the people will think twice about bullying us.

c.       We have to assume good faith on anyone. Because, the pejudice will make misunderstanding. And if we make mistakes, we should immediately to apologize and admit our mistakes.

d.      Never use violence to anyone. Because violence will not solve the problem. Violence will make a new problem.

5.      No , I’m not blame Mr Johnson because it is humanity. If I'm in the position of Mr Johnson, I would be angry to the person that bullying me. But I will know to whom I am angry. In the case of Mr. Johnson, he was angry with his wife because of a misunderstanding. If I became Mr. Johnson I will not be angry with Mae. Thus I would like to thank Mae because she had comforted me.

6.      Yes because Mae is lovely woman and pations. So if someone love other people. Whatever the mistakes from the people that we loved. They will forgive him or her. Because, love is conquers to all.

7.      Symbols that related in the Afrian and American society

a)      Coffee

A cup of coffee being a social symbol that not replace. It becames a heated media atmosphere wherever they are. However the atmosphere, without seeing his coffee drinker or not, a cup of coffee can be regarded as a unifying container difference. When a cup of coffee has been served, then all differences disappear as if dissolved in any sweet and bitter taste. There is no gap between fellow coffee lovers, they felt the same aroma and taste that  sometimes too enjoyed until the last drop even up to the point of climax.

When in a coffee shop whether traditional or modern cafe, we can meet a lot of people with different characters. Different origins, different ages, different social status in society, even different ethnic and cultural. They blend into one without looking at it all with a cup of coffee as a medium. Where the role of a cup of coffee as a social symbol actually shown.

b)      Friday thirtheen

Clearly, the number 13 is the number belongs to the Sacred Number Kabbalah. Figures sacred, hallowed numbers, the numbers are sacrificed. What the term "Friday the 13th" None other than the due on Friday, October 13, 1703, occurred extermination Templars by Pope Clement V and King Philip Le Bel (Philip IV) in France because it was considered heresy of Christianity.

Figures turns 13 this is still believed to be the sacred number. Emblem of the United States, the number of playing cards and tarot, sacred geometry formulas are usually sculpted and hidden in a variety of architectural buildings as well as the Washington Monument and the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the Microsoft logo, a symbol logo McDonalds and various US multinationals, government agencies and private in the US, until the number of gemstones in Cruix Gemmata, cross studded with 13 precious stones.

In the story, the number 13 is the number of misadventures. Not a lucky number, because when the 13th Johnson suffered some bad luck in his life.

c)      Lipstick

The use of lipstick can interpreted as a symbol power, intelligence, rebellion, courage, optimism.  Lipstick is also a symbol of women. The story depicted in red lipstick, it meant symbol white woman. Lipstick is also a symbol of social strata.

8.      Other categories, the discrimination to the rich and the poor people. The discrimination caused by social inequalities. The rich tend to be arrogant and just want to hang out on the same person. They do not recognize the surrounding community. Even in many government institutions. Rich people be given higher priority than poor people. As in the case of poor people go to the hospital, they are not well served by the hospital because they are poor. Similarly, when we are at the mall, the service of the poor is different from the rich. Someone who dressed nice to be served with friendliness. It is ironic discrimination in Indonesia. The rich will become richer. Poor people have become increasingly poorer.

9.      No, Acts of violence is not effective because  the negative impact of violence for victims and people around him. Victims will get deep trauma of the violence. Whether it's physical and psychological trauma. So it is not advisable to use physical violence against anyone. If we have problems, we should communicate to the person. Do not get violent

10.  Interesting title

Bullying in the second home

In general bullying can be defined as the aggression of someone or group with the aim of hurting others both physically and mentally. Bullying differentiate into two,  bullying verbal and mental. Examples of verbal bullying such as snaps, yelling, cursing, insulting, embarrass, reject, criticize, humiliate, abuse, or ridicule. Bullying mental looked cynical, glaring, sneering, to silence.

Bullying usually occurs on school. School that should be a comfortable second home. Turned into a hell. If you in the school treated like that, it would have been  uncomfortable for our. Many case of bully in the education of Indonesia is already very concern and should get attention from the goverment. From the small things until the big things get negative impact for the victim. As in school, become common place and must be done for a student. The student that should be studying changes to bully others.

Usually the perpetrator start bullying in school at young age, with conduct terror on the boys and women emotionally or physical intimidation. The perpetrator will disturb for various reason. Usually they want to get attenton from their friends and their parents. But, many children do bullying because they watched in the television.

The impact for victim bullying is the victim will usually feel a wide range of negative emotions, such as anger, resentment, depressed, scared, embarrased, sad, uncomfortable, threatened, but not helpless deal with it. In the long term, This condition can develop feelings inferiority and worthlessness. In fact, no rarely anyone wants to get out and move to other schools. If they still persist there, they are usually distracted concentration and academic achievement or often deliberately did not go to school. The psychological impact is more severe the possibility for the emergence of the problem the victim, such as excessive anxiety, always fell afaid, depressed, and wanted suicide.

The prevention and control of behavior bullying. The policy that solve  bullying in schools, among others, by the way intensified supervision, understanding consequences and communication can effective conducted among others by Campaign Stop Bullying in the school environment banners, slogans, stickers and workshops themed stop bullying. All this conducted with the aim of minimize or even eliminate bullying in schools. Hopefully with that policy School is no longer a scary place and traumatized but became a safe and fun for students, stimulate the desire to learn, socialize and develop all potential students both academic, social or an emotional. Schools can be places The safest for children and teachers to learn and teaching as well as making children independent learners, knowledge, achievement and noble. Not scoring students ready become butchers and thugs.

Sahabat busuk

iii

Ini sahabat busuk aku, Lisa Oktaviya, Yusi Ismiyatul, dan saya Parasmita Dinda Bestari

Geng Busuk itu kumpulan orang-orang yang busuk tapi bukan berarti sifatnya busuk. Tapi kebalikan dari semuanya. Kenapa bisa dibilang busuk? karena mereka adalah kumpulan orang-orang malas yang suka bolos kuliah cuma buat wifinan. Kalo tidak bolos karena ingin foto-foto.